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Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory condition in which plaques consisting of lipids, cholesterol, and cellular debris accumulate in the inner lining of arteries. This condition is a gradual process that starts early in life, with the deposition of fatty streaks in the arterial walls that begin in childhood. These fatty streaks are a precursor to the development of full-blown atherosclerotic plaques. Over time, these plaques can narrow the arteries, restricting blood flow to vital organs, and increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular conditions. Several risk factors can contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle. Therefore, it is essential to promote healthy lifestyles and manage cardiovascular risk factors from childhood to prevent the development of atherosclerosis and its complications.

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) is an invasive treatment option for progressive coronary artery disease, in which a catheter with a small balloon at its tip is inserted into the blocked coronary artery and inflated to widen the artery and restore blood flow. A stent may also be placed during the procedure to keep the artery open. However, PTA does not involve bypassing the blocked artery using a blood vessel from another area of the body, which is a surgical procedure known as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).